Family Genealogy of the Culps

by Daryl Culp

(draft version 2015)

DO NOT COPY OR CIRCULATE

Family Genealogy of the Culps (Kolb side)

The Mennonite Encyclopedia has an entry on the Kolb family (the spelling was Anglicized to “Kulp” or “Culp” from the German version sometime in the 19^th century). Kolbs in Switzerland were among the first Anabaptists. For example, “Caspar Kolb, a peasant of Walkringen in the canton of Bern, attended the disputation at Bern in 1538 as a leader of the Swiss Brethren. Barbara Kolb(in) was in prison at Zurich with three other Anabaptist women in 1639 because of their faith. However, not all the Kolbs in Switzerland were Swiss Brethren. One of the representatives of the Reformed Church with whom Hans Pfistermeyer (q.v.) had to debate in the prison at Bern on April 19, 1531, was Franz Kolb” (“Kolb,” Mennonite Encyclopedia 213-214). Barbara Kolbin escaped, according to the Martyr’s Mirror (Van Bracht, 1125). The Catholic Encyclopedia also mentions Franz Kolb: “The Disputation of Berne, held in January, 1528, through the efforts of Berthold Haller, Valerius Anshelm, Franz Kolb, and other friends of Zwingli, resulted in the adoption of the Reformation by the city and the increase of the possessions of the State by the confiscation of church property; the land thus acquired amounted to 186 square miles” (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02507b.htm). He is credited with helping to author the “Ten Bern Theses of 1528” (http://www.reformiert-online.net/t/eng/bildung/grundkurs/gesch/lek6/index2.jsp) which say, in part: “Thesis 1: The holy Christian is born of the Word of God; 4: The essential and corporeal presence of the body and blood of Christ can not be demonstrated from the Holy Scripture; 6: it is contrary to the Word of God to propose and invoke other mediators than Christ; 7: Scripture knows nothing of a purgatory after this life, hence all masses and other offices for the dead are useless; 8: Image worship is contrary to Scripture; 9: Matrimony is not forbidden in the Scripture to any class of men, but permitted to all” (http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=r&word=REFORMEDCONFESSIONS). Franz Kolb is described as follows: Kolb had quitted the Carthusian monastery at Nuremberg, in which he had been compelled to take refuge, and had appeared before his compatriots, demanding no other stipend than the liberty of preaching Jesus Christ. Already bending under the weight of years, his head crowned with hoary locks, Kolb, young in heart, full of fire, and of indomitable courage, presented boldly before the chiefs of the nation that Gospel which had saved him (J. H. Merle D'Aubigné, “History of the Great Reformation, Volume IV” http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40971/40971-0.txt).

Later, Kolbs were prominent in Mennonite congregations in Germany and America. The Mennonite Encyclopedia reports: “In the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries the Kolbs are also found in the Palatinate; some were preachers and elders in the congregation at Mannheim, Kriegsheim, and other places, among them Peter Kolb, elder at Mannheim.

“This family, of slight importance in Europe, has produced numerous leaders in the Mennonite (MC) Church in America, particularly in Eastern Pennsylvania. In 1707, four children of Dielman Kolb (1648-1712) of Wolfsheim in the Palatinate came to Germany as the very first forerunners of the large migration from that region to Eastern Pennsylvania” (“Kolb,” Mennonite Encyclopedia 214).

Dielman Kolb (1648-1712)

m. Angenes Schumacher (1652-1704/5)

Dielman Kolb (1648-1712) is identified as the progenitor of the Kolb family in Daniel Kolb Cassel’s definitive book. Dielman married Angenes Schumacher and is buried at Mannheim, in the Palatinate. He is recorded in the census of 1685 (with an alternative spelling: Tilman Kolb) (Bender, 13). Daniel Kolb Cassel says that Dielman “later united with the Friends” (the Quakers of his wife’s family) (Cassel 16). Linton E. Love’s genealogy website states that “he was a wine maker by trade and a preacher at Mannheim” (Love).

Marika Kolb writes: “Born at the close of the Thirty Year War and growing to manhood in the peaceful period before the War of the Grand Alliance again devastated his homeland, he became a man of means and position with business connections in Holland. It is supposed that he was a Mennonite since four of his six sons were ministers of that faith, but later united with the Friends. He bought 200 acres of land from Herman Op den Graeff. The agreement is dated Aug. 16, 1685. The deed is written in Dutch or Holland language and Recorded in the Germantown book.” (http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/k/o/l/Marika-A-Kolb/PDFGENE3.pdf )

In the Palatinate Mennonite Census Lists of 1664, a Heinrich Kolb (1615-1645) is recorded in the small village of Wolfsheim, near Worms (Bender 9; Ruth 26 citing Bender) and identified as the father of Dielman, but he died 3 years too early (although some records have a later date)! Possible ancestors of Heinrich include Martin Kolb (1560-1620) son of Dieter Kolb (1540-1620 Ludwigshafen-Wolfsheim m. Gertrude Rieger) according to geni.com.

The Mennonite Encyclopedia suggests that “one of the first groups to settle in the Palatinate after the Thirty Years War came from Transylvania. After severe oppression several of these families emigrated and in 1655 settled in Kriegsheim, Osthofen, Harxheim, Heppenheirn a.d.W., and Wolfsheim near Worms. Among them were such family names as Schuhmacher, Kolb, Rohr, and Bonn. Some had become Quakers by 1665; e.g., the Schuhmacher family in Kriegsheim” (“Palatinate,” ME). This seems far-fetched to me because this would have involved a lot of travel over highly contested areas (the Turks had been defeated at Vienna in 1532 so the Ottoman empire was being pushed back after it had expanded from Istanbul in the 13^th century, but why would German-speaking folk be migrating from Romania? I suppose they could have travelled up the Danube river. There is a history of Saxons in the Hungarian empire as far east as the border area ‘across the woods’). It seems more likely that Anabaptists travelled down the Rhine river from Bern or Zurich into this area.

John Ruth writes that “it was the Palatinate, where ‘High German’ rather than ‘Low Dutch’ was spoken and where officials admitted there was ‘more than too much open space’ that became for some of these harassed people the best option” (Ruth 31). There is also a biographical note on Dielman in the census (with yet another spelling) and his neighbours: “Tielmann Kolb hat eine Frau, mit 7 Kindern, 5 Sohne, 2 Tochter, halt sich zwar nachbarlich, ist heimtukisch dabei, dewegen nicht unstraflich erachtet.

“In Summa, die Wiedertaufer verspurlich sind hier sehr schadlich, in dem sie keine Amter tragen wollen und entsiehen du andern Untertanen die Nahrung, dadurch sie samt den Ihringen den Vorzug haben und behalten, die andern aber in Ruin geraten. 8 Dez. 1685” (Bender 17).

This note is translated by Guth and Mast as follows: “Tielmann Kolb, wife, 5 sons, 2 daus. He and his wife are neighborly, but, at the same time, he is malicious and, therefore, is not regarded as irreproachable.

“In summary, the Anabaptists are very detrimental at this place because they don’t take office and don’t share food with the other subjects (or the people of the village). In a seductive manner, they have the advantage together with their relatives and keep it, while the others will be ruined” (Herman and Gertrud Guth and J. Lamar and Ann Mast, “Palatine Mennonite Census Lists 1664-1793,” 1987).

Ruth explains that “a negative bias (on the part of the Palatinate officials) could also appear, as that expressed toward Tielmann Kolb of Wolfsheim, son-in-law of the Quaker Peter Schumacher. With his wife and seven children, observed one critical official in 1685, Tielmann ‘behaves very neighourly, but is still malicious, and so should not be considered unworthy of legal punishment’” (Ruth, 67, citing Bender). The German authorities in the area were suspicious of the Mennonites, who wanted to hold their own worship services.

Ruth includes a photo of Dielman’s name carved in the beam of a barn in Wolfsheim (again, with an alternate spelling): “Thielmann Kolb 1699,” on the door of a formerly Mennonite hof in the vineyard-surrounded village of Wolfsheim, north of Alzey in the Palatinate. By 1699 Minister Thielmann Kolb’s Quaker father-in-law, Peter Schumacher, had been living in Germantown, Pennsylvania, for fourteen years. Five sons of the Thielmann Kolb family became influential Mennonite leaders, one in the Platinate and four at Skippack” (photo caption, Ruth 73).

Ruth writes: “In retrospect, the Kolb family stands out as leaders in the Mennonite communities in both the Palatinate and Pennsylvania. The oldest of the children, Peter, would be an influential bishop. At least four of the other six sons were destined to be minister or deacon… The name ‘Thielman,’ so common in the Kolb family, echoes that of an earlier Thielman Rupp, member of a staunch Anabaptist family that had migrated north from Bern even before the Thirty Years War” (Ruth 80).

Jacob Kolb (May 21, 1685 -Oct. 4, 1739)

m. Sarah Van Sintern (Jan. 6, 1689/90-Apr. 25, 1766)

Of Dielman’s children (Peter, Ann, Martin, Jacob, Henry, Dielman, Johannes), our interest lies in Jacob, who married Sarah Van Sintern after he emigrated to Germantown, Pennsylvania in 1707. Ruth writes: “Early in the year 1707 three of the Kolb sons left their Palatine home for Pennsylvania: Martin, Johannes and Jacob. All in their twenties (with Jacob still unmarried), they left behind two older and two younger brothers. Peter, the bishop, was in his mid-thirties, and the youngest, Thielman Jr., was only sixteen. Henry, the second oldest, was strongly inclined to go along, as was Arnold, the second youngest. Eventually all but Peter would cross the Atlantic” (Ruth 81).

“Apparently the Kolbs had means to pay their own way ... More Palatines wanted to come, but the Amsterdam Mennonites refused further donations, saying that these were not true refugees--they merely wanted to better their living conditions. This refusal might have kept people like Henry and Arnold Kolb at home, since when they did come two years later, they were among a group found to be ‘altogether very poor.’

“... For a full year, the Kolb brothers ... apparently ‘kept to themselves’ and would not worship with the Mennonite congregation they found, still without a meetinghouse. We might speculate that they found fault with businessman William Rittenhouse, or perhaps someone like the influential Dirck Keyser (who later would perform the marriage of one of the Kolb brothers). A Germantown legend would have Dirck wearing a long silk coat that offended Mennonites from Skippack by its finery” (Ruth 81-2; Cassel says that Keyser performed Jacob and Sarah’s marriage: Cassel 18; Wenger says that Keyser was never a minister: Wenger 89). C. Henry Smith notes that Jacob was on the list of members of the Skippack congregation in 1708 (Smith 96).

J. C. Wenger, in his history of the Franconia Mennonite Conference, notes that “On January 14, 1730/1 (1731) Jacob Kolb of Skippack bought three hundred fifty acres of land from Andrew and Ann Hamilton for five shillings” (Wenger 154) which was later sold to his son Isaac.

John Ruth notes that “deacon Jacob Kolb, apparently also functioned as a collector of the quit rent” (Ruth 115, citing receipt for quitrent from John Newbery, June 10, 1735, signed “Witness my hand: Jacob Kolb,” in possession of Alan G. Keyser). In another note, he writes that “Deacon Jacob Kolb of Bebber’s Town had bought land in ‘Freetown’ (Rockhill) by 1731, and in 1737 it was taken up by his son, ‘Strong Isaac’“ (Ruth 111). Anderson notes: “Purchased 150 acre tract in Skippack 1710, Petitioned the Court of Quarter Sessions to lay out the Skippack Road.”

Ralph Beaver Strassburger writes: “He was a trustee of the Skippack Mennonite Congregation as early as 1717, and is, no doubt, buried in the graveyard adjoining that church” (Strassburger ?). Cassel says “He was also a trustee, in connection with his brother Martin, of Skippack Mennonite congregation as early as 1717, where he had moved in 1709” (Cassel 18).

Jacob died tragically, according to his obituary: “As he was pressing cider the beam of the press fell on one side of his head and shoulder and wounded him so that he languished about half an hour and then died, to the exceeding grief of his relatives and famliy, who are numerous, and concern of his friends and neighbors, among whom he lived many years in great esteem” (Cassel 18; also Ruth 117).

Isaac Kolb (March 28, 1711-July 23, 1776)

m. Geertrauta Ziegler (1713?-)

Isaac, nicknamed “Strong Isaac,” was a pastor and bishop. He married Geertrauta Ziegler and lived in Gwynedd Twp, Montgomery Co. PA. In John Ruth’s account, “‘Strong Izaak,’ Jacob’s oldest son, would become the main leader at Rockhill.” (Ruth 117). Ruth follows this brief note with a more detailed account: “When Henrich Funck died in 1760, he was replaced in the office of bishop by ‘Strong Izaak’ Kolb of Rockhill. An unpleasant moment occurred soon thereafter at a ‘large meeting’ of ordained men, when Kolb heatedly declared that he would not ‘serve’ in his office along with the deacon at Franconia. His reason was that the latter—Christian Meyer, Jr.—had not treated Bishop Funk (his own brother-in-law) fairly. Whatever lay behind this, it made ‘much trouble’ in the community for several years. Izaak moved from hilly Rockhill to a flat area of Gwynedd in 1764, in the years when a new congregation was gathering at ‘Plains’” (137).

Wenger confirms that “Isaac Kolb was ordained to the ministry in 1744 and ordained bishop in 1761” (Wenger 154) and that “Kolb later moved to Gwynedd Township and in 1773 when he joined in writing the important letter to Holland he evidently considered Plain his congregation. He wrote a fine signature” (Wenger 154).

John Overholt gives this account on Linton E. Love’s exhaustive website: “The Kulp ancestors were a strong, athletic people, some of them almost giants. It is related that Isaac Kulp (known as "Strong Isaac ") was a powerful man. It is said that when he was building a house, one day while at dinner, he was discussing with his workmen whether the cross beams could he hauled to the place with two horses, or whether four horses would be required. After dinner he walked out to where the timber lay, and shouldered it, and to the utter surprise of the workmen they saw him bearing the piece of timber on his shoulders. The fame of his strength was heralded far and wide throughout the neighborhood round about. He was a peaceably disposed man, and would not fight, though often challenged. When on a certain trip to Philadelphia, he stopped at a hotel over night, he came in contact with a bully, who challenged him to fight, which was declined, whereupon the bully branded him a coward and struck him in the face, which angered Mr. Kulp so that he grabbed the bully by both his arms near the shoulders and set him in a chair that squashed under him. When he arose from the floor both of his arms were powerless. The bully said he was satisfied with the experiment, and did not wish to fight with Kulp after that” (Love, see also http://www.pasttracker.com/gentree/getperson.php?personID=I185&tree=schrimsher ).

Michael Kolb (1741 - June 1770)

m. Anna Meyer

Michael and Anna lived in Towamencin Twp, Philadelphia Co., PA.

Isaac Kolb (1765- Sept. 3, 1848)

m. Elizabeth ?

m. Barbara Richards (1770-1857)

Isaac married Barbara Richards and they moved to Ontario in 1800 (Ruth 173). Michael Bird includes a photo of a record book kept by Deacon Philip Wismer showing Isaac in the list of settlers arriving in 1800 (Bird 40).

Janet Powell includes a description of Isaac in the 1953 Grimsby Historical Society Annals of the Forty: “Isaac Culp, born in Pennsylvania in 1765, came to this district about 1800 and in 1803 was settled on Lot 2, Conc. I, Clinton Township on land adjoining his brothers. He was twice married, the name of his first wife being Elizabeth, surname unknown. The name of his second wife, and mother of all but one of his children, was Barbara Richards.

“Isaac, according to family history, was a kindly, hospitable man and a great friend of the Indians and, when they came into the neighbourhood, were allowed to sleep on his kitchen floor. In return for his kindness they brought him gifts of baskets and other articles manufactured by their skillful hands” (R. Janet Powell, Grimsby Historical Society 1953, Annals of the Forty, # 4; Loyalist and Pioneer Families of West Lincoln 1783-1833, p. 46)

Isaac can be counted among the first Mennonite immigrants to Ontario (some individuals had come in 1786 and following, but the first major migrations occurred in 1799-1800). Early research had found Kulps in Ontario in 1786, but Frank Epp, in his classic Mennonites in Canada, wrote that “None of the five who constituted that first prospecting party—three brothers, John, Thielman (or Tilman) and Stoffel (or Christopher) Kolb and Franklin Albrecht (Albright) and Frederich Hahn—were ever found registered in any church books in Upper Canada” (Epp 56). J. Winfield Fretz indicates that “Recent research reveals that the Jacob and Tilman Kulp families joined the River Brethren or Tunkers (later the Brethren in Christ) … The Christopher Kulp family joined the Methodists” (Fretz 26).

(land petition signed by Isaac Kolb)

http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/upper-canada-land/001097-119.01-e.php?&person_id_nbr=1165&interval=20&&PHPSESSID=fpu19rtulrq04n8nqf6t1i4tp1

Samuel R. Kolb (March 11, 1810 - May 11, 1904) listed as Samuel Culp in 1871 census below

m. Anna Swartz (Dec. 8, 1806 - June 24, 1861)

m. Susan Moyer (? - 1904).

1871 census http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/1871/jpg/4396294_00645.jpg

1851 census listed as 42 (Lincoln county ) ?

1861 census as 51 http://data2.collectionscanada.gc.ca/1861/jpg/4391559_00645.jpg

1901 http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/census/1901/Pages/item.aspx?itemid=1954465

Abraham S. Culp (Aug. 30, 1840 - Aug. 23, 1921)

Jan. 1 1867 m. Anna Honsberger (Sept. 20, 1844 - Feb. 26, 1897)

(Lincoln County Marriage Register)

He is recorded in the 1871 Canadian census as a 30-year-old farmer in Clinton district http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/1871/jpg/4396294_00645.jpg and in the 1851 census (sheet 23 Lincoln county) as 11 and 1861 as 21 http://data2.collectionscanada.gc.ca/1861/jpg/4391559_00645.jpg

Abraham married Anna Honsberger (the daughter of John and Anna (Hoch) Honsberger). He was a deacon in the Vineland Mennonite Church, as noted by L. J. Burkholder in his history, Mennonites in Ontario: “His name appears in the 1881 calendar. He must have been ordained in 1880 or earlier. His family declares he was ordained to fill the gap caused by the division in the Moyer church. There must have been a split at the Twenty before the break in conference in 1880. James Moyer says there was trouble as early as ‘75” (Burkholder, 285).

Daniel H. Culp (June 2, 1870 - Apr. 13, 1937)

m. Malinda Cressman (Sept. 15, 1873 - Apr. 9, 1951) in 1871 census under 1 year!

1901 census

http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/census/1901/Pages/item.aspx?itemid=1954231

Daniel moved from Vineland to Kitchener.

Malinda’s obituary was printed in the Gospel Herald, Volume XLIV , Number 19 - May 8, 1951 “Culp, -- Malinda, daughter of the late Isaac and Elizabeth (Snyder) Cressman, was born Sept. 15, 1873, at the Cressman homestead near Kitchener, Ont.; passed away April 9, 1951, at the same home; aged 77 y. 6m. 25 d. On April 11, 1900, she was united in marriage to Daniel H. Culp at Kitchener, Ont. She accepted Christ as her Saviour when a youth and was a charter member of the Stirling Avenue Mennonite Church. She was active in the work of the church and was a member of the Women's Missionary Society. Surviving are 1 son (Floyd), 2 grandchildren, and 4 sisters (Mrs. Lydia Ann Shantz, Sarah, Minerva, and Melissa Cressman, all of Kitchener). Preceding her in death were her husband, 6 brothers, and 2 sisters. Funeral services were held April 12 at the Stirling Avenue Mennonite Church in charge of Wilfred Ulrich. Burial was made in the Strasburg Mennonite Cemetery” (http://www.mcusa-archives.org/MennObits/51/may1951.html).

Floyd Culp (Dec. 7, 1905 - Sept. 1, 1976)

m. Gertrude Moss (Apr. 23, 1907 - Dec. 29, 1991) on June 24, 1933.

1911 census

http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/census/1911/Pages/item.aspx?itemid=5947848

Harold Culp (Mar. 20, 1938 - )

m. Darlene Veronica Erb (Jan. 22, 1939 – ) Oct. 10, 1959 at Steinmann’s Mennonite Church

Sources:

Anderson, Gary. “Upstream of the Andersons—Ancestor Families.” http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/genealogy/r/e/a/Henrich_KOLB.html

Bender, Harold S. “Palatinate Mennonite Census Lists 1664-1774 I,” Mennonite Quarterly Review Vol. XIV No. 1 (January 1940).

Bender, Shelley, “Gerber Family History” (self-published circa 1985 plus yearly updates; revised by Kim Vanderhyden, 2005).

Bender, Urie A. Four Earthen Vessels. Herald Press, 1982.

Bird, Michael. Ontario Fraktur. M. F. Fehely Publishers, 1977.

Bittinger, Emmert F. “The Children of Wendel and Ann Bowman Reconsidered,” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage Magazine, October 1995.

Bowman, H. M. “The Mennonite Settlements in Pennsylvania and Waterloo with Special Reference to the Bowman Family,” Tenth Annual Report of the Waterloo Historical Society, 1922, Pages 225–247).

Burkholder, L. J. A Brief History of the Mennonites in Ontario. Mennonite Historical Society of Ontario, 1967.

Cassel, Daniel K. A Genealogical History of the Kolb, Kulp or Culp Family. Philadelphia, 1895.

Cressman, David Robert. “History of the Isaac S. Cressman Family” (self-published, 1982).

Culp, Gary M. “Ancestors of Daryl Culp” (genealogical tables obtained from compiler, 1995).

Eby, Ezra. A Biographical History of Waterloo Township. Berlin [Kitchener], 1895.

http://ebybook.region.waterloo.on.ca/

Epp, Frank. Mennonites in Canada, 1786-1920. MacMillan, 1974

Evans Best, Jane. “Bauman and Sauter Families of Hirzel, Switzerland” in Mennonite Family History April 1981.

Fretz, J. Winfield. The Waterloo Mennonites: A Community in Paradox. WLU Press, 1989..

Gingrich, Orland. The Amish of Canada. Conrad Press, 1972.

Groh, Ivan. “Why the Bechtel, Biehn, Betzner and Gingrich Families chose the Beasley Tract in 1800, Canadian-German Folkore V. 2 (1967).

History Committee, Mechanicsburgh, Pennsylvania: Book on Cressman family

Historical Committee of the New Hamburg--Wilmot Township Centennial Committee, More than a Century in Wilmot Township

Kulp, Gary M. “Dielman Kolb of Tinicum Township (The Father of the First Mennonites in Canada)” Mennonite Historians of Pennsylvania.

Love, Linton E. “Kolb-Kulp-Culp: Henrich Kolb and 22,421 of his descendants” http://www.kolb-kulp-culp-genealogy.com/kolb-kulp-culp-genealogy-generation-01.htm (this site, while exhaustive in its information, differs in some details from the other accounts below).

Mennonite Encyclopedia (Herald Press). http://www.gameo.org/

Mennonite obituaries website: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mennobit/

Mennonite Research Journal, Jan. 1971.

Powell, R. Janet. Annals of the Forty, # 4; “Loyalist and Pioneer Families of West Lincoln 1783-1833,” (Grimsby Historical Society 1953, p. 46).

ProGenealogists, “1704-1709, Early Settlers to Skippack, PA” http://www.progenealogists.com/palproject/pa/17041709.htm

Roth, Lorraine. The Amish and their Neighbours: The German Block, Wilmot Township 1822-1860 (Mennonite Historical Society of Ontario, 1998).

Ruth, John. Maintaining the Right Fellowship: A Narrative Account of Life in the Oldest Mennonite Community in North America. Herald Press, 1984.

Smith, C. Henry. The Mennonite Immigrations to Pennsylvania in the Eighteenth Century. Pennsylvania German Society, 1929.

Strassburger, Ralph Beaver. The Strassburger Family and Allied Families of Pennsylvania (Gwynedd Valley, Pa., 1922). http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/pa/montgomery/history/family/k4100001.txt

Strassburger, Ralph and William Hinck. Pennsylvania German Pioneers. Genealogical Pub. Co. 1966.

Uttley, W. V. (Ben). A History of Kitchener, Ontario. Copyright W. V. Uttley, 1937.

Van Bracht, Tieleman Jans. The Bloody Theater; or, Martyrs mirror of the Defenseless Christians. Translated by Joseph F. Sohm. Herald Press, 1968.

Wenger, John Christian. History of the Mennonites of the Franconia Conference. Franconia Mennonite Historical Society, 1937.