RGB5351HS 2010        Deuteronomy and Covenant   Tuesdays 11-1, 2     Michael Kolarcik



1. Prerequisites: One year of Hebrew and One year of Greek.

 

2. Course Description: Throughout the course we read Deuteronomy in light of the covenant formulary as a key to unfolding the synthesis of covenant theology represented in the entire book. The methods we apply to the text are textual analysis (Hebrew), literary analysis (Structure), and comparative literary analysis of the relationship between Deuteronomy and  the Vassal Treaty Formulary, the Laws of Hammurabi, the law codes of Exodus and Leviticus, and the Abrahamic/Davidic covenantal grants.

 The aim of the course is to provide AD students a basis for appreciating the complexity and richness of covenantal theology through the detailed textual and literary analysis of Deuteronomy.

 

3. Outcomes: Students who successfully complete the course will demonstrate the following learning outcomes:

            3.1 An understanding of Deuteronomy’s employment of the Treaty Formulary for articulating the covenantal relationship between Israel and God.

            3.2 A knowledge of Deuteronomy’s particular prose style through  the study of six chapters of the Hebrew text.

            3.3 An appreciation of the literary structure not only of individual passages but of the book as whole.

            3.4 A knowledge of the similarities and differences between Deuteronomy and the laws of Hammurabi as well as the collections of law in Exodus and Leviticus.

 

4. Assignments:

4.1 Bi weekly preparations of selected texts for reading in Hebrew

4.2 Major paper Outline with description, method and selected bibliography

4.3 Depending on the number of students, each student presents a seminar of one hour on a specific topic to be determined from the course outline at the beginning of the course. .

4.3 Major paper of 15-20 pages. Due on Friday of exam week, April 9th, 2010.

 

5. Grading:

5.1 Hebrew Readings: 10%

5.2 Major paper Outline or book review: 10%

5.3 Seminar: 30%

5.4 Major Paper: 50%



Texts ordered at Crux Bookstore (Wycliffe College)

 

Patrick D. Miller, Deuteronomy, Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching, Louisville: John Knox, 1990. ISBN 0-8042-3105-2

Peter C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy, The New International Commentary on the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1976.  ISBN 0-8028-2524-9

Georg Braulik, The Theology of Deuteronomy, Collected Essays of Georg Braulik, BIBAL Collected Essays 2, translated by Ulrika Lindblad, N. Richland Hills, TX: BIBAL Press, 1994.  ISBN 0-941037-30-4







COMMENTARIES  AND  MONOGRAPHS  ON  DEUTERONOMY:

ACHTEMEIER, Elizabeth. Proclamation Commentaries: Deuteronomy, JeremiahPhiladelphia: Fortress, 1978.

BRAULIK, Georg.  The Theology of Deuteronomy: Collected Essays. Trans.Ulrika Lindblad, N. Richland Hills,TX:  BIBAL Press, 1994.

BRUEGGEMANN Walter. Deuteronomy. Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2001. 

CAMPBELL,  Anthony F.and Mark A. O'BRIEN. Unfolding the Deuteronomistic History.  Minneapolis: Fortress, 2000.

CLEMENTS, R.E.  God's Chosen People: A Theological Interpretation of the Book of DeuteronomyLondon: 1968.

CLEMENTS, R.E.  "Deuteronomy: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections." The New Interpreters Bible. Vol. 2, Nashville: Abingdon, 1994. 269‑552.

*  CLIFFORD, R. Deuteronomy, with Excursus on Covenant and Law.  Old Testament Message 5, Wilmington: 1982.

CRAIGIE, Peter C.  Deuteronomy. NIC, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1976.

CHRISTENSEN,  Duane L. ed. A Song Of Power and the Power of Song: Essays on the Book of Deuteronomy. WinonaLake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1993.

CHRISTENSEN,  Duane L.  Deuteronomy (1:121:9).  Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 6A. Dallas, TX: Word Books, 2001.

CHRISTENSEN,  Duane L.  Deuteronomy (21:10–34:12).  Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 6B. Dallas, TX: Word Books, 2002. 

CULLEY, J. The Book of the Covenant in Moab. Glasgow: 1903.

FRETHEIM, T.E.  Deuteronomic History. Nashville: Abingdon, 1983.

* LOHFINK,  Norbert Theology of the Pentateuch: Themes of the Priestly Narrative and Deuteronomy. Trans. L.M. Maloney. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994.

McCONVILLE, J.G.  Law and Theology in Deuteronomy.  JSOT. Britain:  Redwood Burn, 1984.

MAYES,  A.D.H. Deuteronomy,. The New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1979.

MILLER, P.D.  Deuteronomy. Interpretation.  Louisville: John Knox, 1990.

NELSON, Richard D.  Deuteronomy, A Commentary. Old Testament Library. Louisville/London: Westminster John Knox, 2002. ISBN: 0664219527

NICHOLSON,  E.W. Deuteronomy and Tradition. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1967.

NOTH, M. The Deuteronomic History. JSOT. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 1981.

O'BRIEN, M.A. The Deuteronomistic History Hypothesis: A Reassessment. (OBO 92, Fribourg: 1989).

PECKHAM, B. The Composition of the Deuteronomistic History. Harvard Semitic Monographs, 35. Atlanta: Scholars, 1985.

*  POLZIN,  R. Moses and the Deuteronomist, A Literary Study of the Deuteronomic History. New York: Seabury, 1980.

von RAD, G.  Deuteronomy.  Trans. D. Barton [Das fünfte Buch Mose: Deuteronomium, Göttingen: 1964]. London: SCM, 1966.

*  SONNET,  Jean‑Pierre  The Book Within the Book: Writing In Deuteronomy. Leiden, New York: Brill, 1997.

TIGAY, Jeffrey H. Deuteronomy.  The JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia/Jerusalem: Jewish Publication Society, 1996. ISBN: 0827603304

WEINFELD,  M. Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School. Oxford: 1972.

* WEINFELD, M.  Deuteronomy 1‑11, A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary,.AncorBible 5, New York: Doubleday, 1991.

WRIGHT, Christopher. Deuteronomy.  New International Biblical Commentary. Peabody, MAHendrickson, 1996.   ISBN: 1565631714

 

THE IDEA OF THE COVENANT:

BALTZER, K. The Covenant Formulary in the Old Testament, trans. D.E. Green, Philadelphia: 1971.

BRIGHT, J. Covenant and Promise. Philadelphia: 1976.

CAZELLES, H. "Covenant." Sacramentum Mundi. New York: 1975.

CLEMENTS,R.E. Abraham and David, Genesis 15 and its Meaning for Israelite Tradition. SBT 2:5. London: 1965.

HILLERS, D.R. Covenant: The History of a Biblical Idea. Baltimore: 1969.

KALLUVEETTIL, P. Declaration and Covenant, a Comprehensive Review of Covenant Formulae from the Old Testament and the Ancient Near East. Analecta Biblica 88, Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute,1982.

McCARTHY, D.J. Old Testament Covenant: A Survey of Current Opinions. Atlanta: 1972.

*  McCARTHY, D.J. Treaty and Covenant, A Study in Form in the Ancient Oriental Documents and in the Old Testament. Analecta Biblica 21a, Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute,1981.

McCARTHY, D.J. Institution and Narrative. Collected Essays. Analecta Biblica, 108. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute,1981.

MENDENHALL, G.E. "Covenant." Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Vol. 1.

MENDENHALL, G.E. Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East. Pittsburg: 1955.

NEWMAN, M.L. The People of the Covenant. New York: 1962.

PLASTARAS, J. Creation and Covenant. Milwaukee: 1968.

RHYMER, J. The Covenant and the Kingdom. Dayton, Ohio: 1968.

WORKS ON DEUTERONOMY OR COVENANT:


ACHTEMEIER, E. "Plumbing the Riches, Deuteronomy for the Preacher." Interpretation 41 (1987) : 269‑281.

ALLISON, Dale C. The New Moses. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993.

ALONSO SCHÖKEL, L. "Sapiential and Covenant Themes in Genesis 2‑3." In Studies in Ancient Israelite Wisdom, ed. J.L. Crenshaw, New York: 1976. 468‑480.

BERGEN,  David A.  "The heart of the (Deuteronomic) matter: Solomon and the book of the Law."  Studies in Religion/Sciences Religeuses 35 (2006): 213-230.

BOORER, Suzanne. The Promise of the Land as Oath: A Key to the Formation of the Pentateuch. BZAW 205. Berlin: Waler de Gruyter, 1992.

BLENKINSOPP, J. "Deuteronomy and the Politics Of Post‑Mortem Existence." Vetus Testamentum 45/1 (1995) : 1‑16.

BREKELMANS, C. "Wisdom Influence in Deuteronomy." _In La Sagesse de l'Ancien Testament, ed. M. Gilbert, BETL 51, 1979. 28‑38.

BRETTLER, Marc Zvi. The Creation of History in Ancient Israel. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.

COATS, George Wesley. "Wilderness Itinerary." CBQ 34 (1972) : 135‑52.

BRUEGGEMANN, W. "Isaiah 55 and Deuteronomistic Theology." ZAW 80 (1968).

BRUEGGEMANN, W., The Covenanted Self: Explorations in Law and Covenant. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999.

BUIS, P. "Comment au septième siècle envisageait‑on l'avenir de l'alliance? Étude sur Lev. 26:3‑45." In Questions disputées d'Ancien Testament, BETL 33, ed. C.H.W. Brekelmans, Leuven‑Gembloux: 1974.

BUIS, P. "La Nouvelle Alliance." VT 18 (1968).

BUIS, P. "Les formulaires d'alliance." VT 16 (1966).

BUSS, M.J. "Covenant, Theme in Historical Perspective." VT 16 (1966).

CAMBELL, A.I. "An Historical Prologue in a Seventh Century Treaty." Bib 50 (1969).

COATS, G.W. Moses, heroic man, man of God._ JSOT Supps 57. Sheffield: 1988.

DAMROSCH, D. The Narrative Covenant: Transformation of Genre in the Growth of Biblical Literature. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.

DAUBE, D. The Exodus Pattern in the Bible. London: Faber and Faber, 1963.

DEIST, Ferdinand E. "Conservative Rebound In Deuteronomy. A Case Study In Social Values." Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 22/2 (1996) : 17‑ 30.

EICHRODT, W. "Covenant and Law." Interpretation 20 (1966).

FENSHAM, F.C. "Common Trends in Curses of the Near‑Eastern Treaties and Kudurru‑Inscriptions Compared with Maledictions of Amos and Isaiah." ZAW  75 (1963).

FENSHAM, F.C. "Covenant, Promise and Expectation in the Bible." TZ 23 (1967).

FENSHAM, F.C. "Father and Son Terminology for Treaty and Covenant."_ In Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.F. Albright, ed. H. Goedicke, Baltimore: 1971.

FENSHAM, F.C. "Malediction and Benediction in Ancient Near‑Eastern Vassal Treaties and the Old Testament." ZAW 74 (1962).

FREEDMAN, D.N. "Divine Commitment and Human Obligation." Interpretation 18 (1964).

FRIEDMAN, R.E.  The Exile and Biblical Narrative: The Formation of the Deuteronomiistic and Priestly Works. HSM 22, Chico: Scholars Press, 1981.

GERSTENBERGER, E.  "Covenant and Commandment". JBL 84 (1965).

C.H. GORDON, "The Background Of Some Distinctive Values In The Hebrew Bible." In "Go to the land I will show you": studies in honor of Dwight W. Young, ed. Coleson, Joseph E. and Matthews, Victor H., 57 ‑ 68. Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients 4. WinonaLake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1996.

GREENSTEIN, Edward . "The Formation of the Biblical Narrative Corpus." AJS Review 15 (1990) : 151‑78.

HARVEY, J.  "Le 'rib‑pattern' réquisitoire prophétique sur la rupture de l'alliance.@ Bib 43 (1962).

HEPPENSTALL, E. "The Law and the Covenant of Sinai.@ AndrewsUnivSeminarySt 2 (1964).

HILLERS, D.R. "berit 'am, Emancipation of the People.@ JBL 97 (1978).

HUFFMAN, H.B. "The Covenant Lawsuit and the Prophets.@ JBL 78 (1958).

KNOPPERS, Gary, and J. Gordon McCONVILLE, eds. Reconsidering Israel and Judah: Recent Studies on the Deuteronomistic History. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999.

JANZEN, J.G. "The Yoke That Gives Rest.@ Interpretation 41 (1987) : 256‑268.

KLINE, M.G. "Dynastic Covenant.@ WestminThJ 27 (1964).

M.G. KLINE. "Law Covenant.@ WestmThJ 27 (1964).

KNIGHT, Douglas A. "Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists." In Old Testament Interpretation. Past, Present and Future. Essays in Honour of Gene M. Tucker, ed. Mays, James Luther, Petersen, David L., and Richards, Kent Harold, 61 ‑ 79. Old Testament studies. Edinburgh:Clark, 1995.

LOHFINK, Norbert "The Destruction of the Seven Nations in Deuteronomy and the Mimetic Theory." Contagion: Journal of Violence, Mimesis, and Culture 2 (Spring 1995) :  103‑117.

LUNDBOM, Jack R. "The Inclusio And Other Framing Devices In Deuteronomy I‑XXVIII." Vetus Testamentum 46/3 (1996) : 296 ‑ 315.

MARTIN‑ACHARD, R. "La nouvelle alliance selon Jérémie.@ RThPh 3:12 (1962), also in Questions disputées d'Ancien Testament, BETL 33, ed. C.H.W. Brekelmans, Leuven‑Gembloux: 1974.

MARTIN‑ACHARD, R. "La signification de l'alliance dans l'Ancien Testament d'après quelques travaux récents.@ RThPh 3:18 (1969).

MARTINEZ, F. Garcia, ed. Studies in Deuteronomy in Honour of C.J. Labuschagne on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994.

MAYES, A.D.H. "The Covenant on Sinai and the Covenant with David.@ Hermathena 110 (1970). A.D.H. MAYES, The Story of Israel Between Settlement and Exile: A Redactional Study of the Deuteronomistic History, London: SCM, 1983.

MAYES, A.D.H. "Deuteronomistic ideology and the theology of the Old Testament." JSOT 82 (1999) : 57‑82.

MAYES, A.D.H. "Deuteronomy 14 and the Deuteronomic World View." In Studies in Deuteronomy. In Honour of C. J. Labuschagne on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, ed. García Martínez, F., Hilhorst, A., Ruiten, J. T. A. G. M. van, and Woude, A. S. van der, 165‑181. [Vetus Testamentum. Supplements 53. Leiden‑New York‑Köln: E. J. Brill, 1994].

MAYES, A.D.H. "On Describing the Purpose of Deuteronomy." JSOT 58 (1993) : 13‑33.

MAYES, A.D.H. "Deuteronomy 29, Joshua 9, and the Place of the Gibeonites in Israel."In Das Deuteronomium. Enststehung, Gestalt u. Botschaft, ed. Lohfink, Norbert, 321‑325. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum theologicarum Lovaniensium 68. Leuven: Univ.Pr., 1985.

MAYES, A.D.H. "Deuteronomy 4 and the Literary Criticism of Deuteronomy." JBL 100 (1981) : 23‑51.

MAYES, A.D.H. "Deuteronomy Law of Moses or law of God?." Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association 5 (1981) : 36‑54.

McBRIDE, S.D. "Polity of the Covenant People, The Book of Deuteronomy.@ Interpretation 41 (1987) : 229‑244.

McCARTHY, D.J. "2 Sam 7 and the Structure of the Deuteronomistic History.@ JBL 84 (1965).

McCARTHY, D.J. "berit and Covenant in the Deuteronomistic History.@ [Studies in the Religion and History of Ancient Israel. VT 23 (1972)].

McCARTHY, D.J. "berit in Old Testament History and Theology.@ Bib 53 (1972).

McCARTHY, D.J. "Covenant Relationships.@ [Questions disputées d'Ancien Testament, BETL 33, ed. C.H.W. Brekelmans, Leuven‑Gembloux: 1974].

McCARTHY, D.J. "Notes on the Love of God in Deuteronomy and the Father‑Son Relationship between Yahweh and Israel.@ CBQ 27 (1972) : 144‑147.

McKAY, J.W. "Man's Love for God in Deuteronomy and the Father/Teacher ‑ Son/Pupil Relationship.@ VT 22 (1972) : 426‑435.

MENDENHALL, G.E. "Covenant.@ Anchor Bible Dictionary I (1992) : 1178‑1202.

MILLER, P.D. "Moses My Servant, The Deuteronomic Portrait of Moses.@ Interpretation 41 (1987) : 245‑255.

MOORE, R.D. "Deuteronomy And The Fire Of God: A Critical Charismatic Interpretation." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 7 (1995) : 11 ‑ 33.

OLSON, Dennis T. "Deuteronomy As De‑Centering Center: Reflections On Postmodernism And The Quest For A Theological Center Of The Hebrew Scriptures," Semeia 71 (1995) : 119 ‑ 132.

MORAN, W.L. "The Ancient Near Eastern Background of the Love of God in Deuteronomy.@ CBQ 24 (1963).

MOST, W. "A Biblical Theology of Redemption in a Covenantal Framework.@ CBQ 29 (1959).

MUILENBURG, J. "The Form and Structure of the Covenantal Formulations.@ VT 9 (1959).

NELSON, R.D. "Deuteronomy 5:1‑15, Readers and Hearers.@ Interpretation 41 (1987) : 282‑287.

NICHOLSON, E.W. "The Pentateuch in Recent Reseach: A Time for Caution," VTSup 43 (1991) : 10‑21.

NICHOLSON, E.W. "The Covenant Ritual in Ex 24:3‑8.@ VT 32 (1982).

NICHOLSON, E.W. "The Interpretation of Exodus 24:9‑11.@ VT 24 (1974).

NICHOLSON, E.W. "The Tradition in Exodus 24:9‑11.@ VT 26 (1976).

OLSON, Dennis T. Deuteronomy And The Death Of Moses. A Theological Reading. Overtures to biblical theology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994.

PATRICK, Dale. "The Rhetoric of Collective Responsibility in Deuteronomic Law." In Pomegranates and Golden Bells. Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom, ed. Wright, Freedman, David P. David Noel, and Hurvitz, Avi, 421 ‑ 436. Winona Lake,Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1995.

PECKHAM, Brian. History and Prophecy: The Development of Late Judean Literary Traditions, New York: Doubleday, 1993.

PECKHAM, Brian. The Composition of the Deuteronomistic History. Harvard Semitic Monographs, 35. Atlanta: Scholars,  1985.

PRESSLER, Carolyn. "Sexual Violence and Deuteronomic Law." In A Feminist Companion to Exodus to Deuteronomy, ed. Brenner, Athalya, 102 ‑ 112. The Feminist Companion to the Bible 6. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.

PRUSSNER, F.C. "The Covenant of David and the Problem of the Unity in Old Testament Theology.@ [Transitions in Biblical Scholarship, ed. J.C. Rylaarsdam, Chicago: 1968].

RENDTORFF, Rolf. "'Covenant' as a Structuring Concept in Genesis and Exodus," JBL 108 (1989) : 384‑93.

RIEMANN, P.A. "Covenant, Mosaic.@ [IDB, suppl. vol, Nashville: 1976].

SCHARBERT, J. "'Berît' im Pentateuch.@  In Mél. Henri Cazelles, 1981, 163‑170.

SUZUKI, Yoshihide. "'The Place Which Yahweh Your God Will Choose' In Deuteronomy." In Problems In Biblical Theology. Essays in honor of Rolf Knierim, ed. Sun, Henry T.C. and Eades, Keith L. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997.  338 ‑ 352.

TIGAY, Jeffrey H. "The Significance Of The End Of Deuteronomy." In Texts, Temples, And Traditions: A Tribute To Menahem Haran, ed. Fox, Michael V., Hurowitz, Victor Avigdor, and Hurvitz, Avi, Winona Lake,Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1996. 137‑143.  

TSEVAT, M. "The Neo‑Assyrian and Neo‑Babylonian Vassal Oaths and the Prophet Ezekiel.@ JBL 78 (1959).

TUCKER, G.M. "Deuteronomy 18:15‑22.@ Interpretation 41 (1987) : 292‑297.

SETERS, John van. "Cultic Laws In The Covenant Code (Exodus 20,22‑23,33) And Their Relationship To Deuteronomy And The Holiness Code." In Studies In The Book Of Exodus. Redaction ‑ Reception ‑ Interpretation, ed. Vervenne, Marc, 319 ‑ 345. BETL 126. Leuven: Univ. Press, 1996.

SETERS, John Van. "The So‑Called Deuteronomistic Redaction of the Pentateuch," VTSup 43 (1991) : 58‑77.

WALSH, J.T. "From Egypt to Moab: A Source Critical Analysis of the Wilderness Itinerary.@ CBQ 39 (1977) : 20‑33.

WEINFELD, Moshe. "Deuteronomy's Theological Revolution." Bible Review 12/1 (1996) : 38 ‑ 41, 44 ‑ 45.

WEINFELD, M. "berith ‑ Covenant vs Obligation.@ Bib 56 (1975). Also in "berith.@ TDOT, vol. 2.

WEINFELD, M. "Covenant, Davidic.@ IDB, supp. vol., Nashville: 1976.

WEINFELD, M. "Deuteronomy and the Present State of Inquiry.@ JBL 86 (1967).

WEINFELD, M. "The Book of Deuteronomy.@ Anchor Bible Dictionary, II (1992) : 168‑183.

WEINFELD, M. Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East, Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.

WILSON, Ian. Out Of The Midst Of The Fire: Divine Presence In Deuteronomy. Society of Biblical Literature. Dissertation series 151. Atlanta,Ga.: Scholars Press, 1995.

WHARTON, J.A. "Deuteronomy 16:1‑8.@ Interpretation 41 (1987) : 287‑291.

WHITLEY, C.F. "Covenant and Commandment in Israel.@ JNES 22 (1963).

WIJNGAARDS, J. "Death and Resurrection in Covenantal Contexts (Hosea 6:2).@ VT 17 (1967).





LECTURES - SEMINARS

1
Jan 5th
Introduction,     Deuteronomy,  Deuteronomistic History Theological Strategy of the Deuteronomists 

Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy in ABD vol 2.



2
Jan 12th
Deuteronomy 1-3                                                              [Hebrew Dt 1-2]



3
Jan 19th
Deuteronomy 4-5



4
Jan 26th
Deuteronomy 6-7                                                               [Hebrew Dt 6]



5
Feb 2nd
Deuteronomy 8-9



6
Feb 9th
Deuteronomy 10-11                                                           [Hebrew Dt 8]




Feb 16th
                                      Reading Week



7
Feb 23rd
Deuteronomy      Vassal Treaty Form,   Treaty and Covenant



8
Mar 2nd
Deuteronomy 12-25    Laws, Codes of Hammurabi               [Hebrew Dt 14]



9
Mar 9th
Deuteronomy 12-25    Laws and protection of the dispossessed



10
Mar 16th
Deuteronomy 26-28                                                           [Hebrew Dt 26]



11
Mar 23rd
Deuteronomy 29-31   Theological Strategy of the Deuteronomists



12
Mar 30th
Deuteronomy 32-34                                                          [Hebrew Dt 29, 33]